科技科学

Evidence for vacuum-enhanced superconductivity in NbSe<sub>2</sub>

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  • Article
  • Published:
  • Gabriel Cardoso4,
  • Liu Yang  ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6526-09764,5,
  • Xun Gong1,2,3,
  • Chi Zhang1,2,3,
  • Yufei Zhu2,6,
  • Dongbo Zhang1,2,3,
  • Nan Pan  ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6267-94992,3,
  • Hongbing Cai  ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-3186-10412,3,
  • Yong P. Chen7,8,9,
  • Qing-Dong Jiang  ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0233-25062,4,5,
  • Guanghui Cheng  ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-2938-06391,3,8,10,
  • Frank Wilczek  ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6489-61554,5,11,12,13 &
  • …
  • Changgan Zeng  ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-8630-845X1,2,3 

Nature (2026) Cite this article

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Abstract

Vacuum fluctuations provide an important new way to control material properties noninvasively1-6. Here, we present experimental evidence that they can enhance superconductivity. NbSe2 is a layered transition-metal dichalcogenide with well-characterized superconducting behavior, providing a clear platform to reveal this effect. We have observed an increase in the critical temperature of superconducting NbSe2 when it is embedded in a split-ring cavity resonator. Near the transition temperature, the critical current and critical field increase dramatically. Our observations are consistent with theoretical calculations showing that hybridization between electronic degrees of freedom and fluctuating cavity modes lowers the energy of the superconducting state. By providing a proof-of-principle demonstration of superconductivity enhancement via vacuum fluctuations, our work establishes a noninvasive technique for controlling the mainstay of quantum technology.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China

    Zheyan Wang, Xun Gong, Chi Zhang, Dongbo Zhang, Guanghui Cheng & Changgan Zeng

  2. Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, China

    Zheyan Wang, Xun Gong, Chi Zhang, Yufei Zhu, Dongbo Zhang, Nan Pan, Hongbing Cai, Qing-Dong Jiang & Changgan Zeng

  3. International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China

    Zheyan Wang, Xun Gong, Chi Zhang, Dongbo Zhang, Nan Pan, Hongbing Cai, Guanghui Cheng & Changgan Zeng

  4. Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

    Gabriel Cardoso, Liu Yang, Qing-Dong Jiang & Frank Wilczek

  5. School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

    Liu Yang, Qing-Dong Jiang & Frank Wilczek

  6. Wilczek Quantum Center, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai, China

    Yufei Zhu

  7. Institute for Materials Research (IMR), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan

    Yong P. Chen

  8. WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research (AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan

    Yong P. Chen & Guanghui Cheng

  9. Institute of Physics and Astronomy and Villum Centers for Hybrid Quantum Materials and Devices, Aarhus University, Aarhus-C, Denmark

    Yong P. Chen

  10. Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences (FRIS), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan

    Guanghui Cheng

  11. Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

    Frank Wilczek

  12. Department of Physics and Origins Project, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA

    Frank Wilczek

  13. Center for Theoretical Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

    Frank Wilczek

Authors

  1. Zheyan Wang
  2. Gabriel Cardoso
  3. Liu Yang
  4. Xun Gong
  5. Chi Zhang
  6. Yufei Zhu
  7. Dongbo Zhang
  8. Nan Pan
  9. Hongbing Cai
  10. Yong P. Chen
  11. Qing-Dong Jiang
  12. Guanghui Cheng
  13. Frank Wilczek
  14. Changgan Zeng

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Qing-Dong Jiang, Guanghui Cheng, Frank Wilczek or Changgan Zeng.

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Cite this article

Wang, Z., Cardoso, G., Yang, L. et al. Evidence for vacuum-enhanced superconductivity in NbSe2. Nature (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-11037-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-11037-x