Bertola, M. et al. Megafloods in Europe can be anticipated from observations in hydrologically similar catchments. Nat. Geosci. 16, 982–988 (2023).
Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
Blöschl, G. et al. Changing climate both increases and decreases European river floods. Nature 573, 108–111 (2019).
Article ADS PubMed Google Scholar
Dreibrodt, S. & Bork, H.-R. In Treatise on Geomorphology 2nd edn. (ed. Schroder, J. F.) 547–560 (Elsevier, 2022).
Tetzlaw, G., Börngen, M., Mudelsee, M. & Armin, R. Das Jahrtausenhochwasser von 1342 am Main aus meteorologisch-hydrologischer Sicht. Wasser u. Boden 54, 41–49 (2002).
Google Scholar
Hofstätter, M. & Blöschl, G. Vb cyclones synchronized with the Arctic-/North Atlantic Oscillation. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 124, 3259–3278 (2019).
Article ADS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Herget, J. et al. The millennium flood of July 1342 revisited. Catena 130, 82–94 (2015).
Article Google Scholar
Bauch, M. Die Magdalenenflut 1342 am Schnittpunkt von Umwelt- und Infrastrukturgeschichte. NTM 27, 273–309 (2019).
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Merz, B. et al. Understanding heavy tails of flood peak distribution. Water Resour. Res. 58, e2021WR030506 (2022).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Brázdil, R. & Kotyza, O. History of Weather and Climate in the Czech Lands I. Period 1000-1500 (ETH Zürich, 1995).
Kiss, A. Floods and weather in 1342 and 1343 in the Carpathian Basin. J. Environ. Geogr. 2, 37–47 (2009).
Article Google Scholar
Blöschl, G. et al. Current European flood-rich period exceptional compared with past 500 years. Nature 583, 560–566 (2020).
Article ADS PubMed Google Scholar
Rohr, C. Extreme Naturereignisse im Ostalpenraum. Naturerfahrung im Spätmittelalter und am Beginn der Neuzeit (Vienna Böhlau, 2007).
Labbé, T. In The Dance of Death in Late Medieval and Renaissance Europe. Environmental stress, Mortality and Social Response (eds Kiss, A. & Pribyl, K.) 198–213 (Routledge, 2020).
Campbell, B. The Great Transition. Climate, Disease and Society in the Late-Medieval World (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2016).
Hunt, E. S. A new look at the dealings of the Bardi and Peruzzi with Edward III. J. Econ. Hist. 50, 149–162 (1990).
Article Google Scholar
Kiss, A. Floods and Long-Term Water-Level Changes in Medieval Hungary (Springer, 2019).
Lee, J., Perera, D., Glickman, T. & Taing, L. Water-related disasters and their health impacts: a global review. Prog. Disaster Sci. 8, 100123 (2020).
Article Google Scholar
Ionita, M., Nagavciuc, V. & Guan, B. Rivers in the sky, flooding on the ground: the role of atmospheric rivers in inland flooding in central Europe. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 24, 5125–5147 (2020).
Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
Wilson, R. et al. Last millennium northern hemisphere summer temperatures from the tree rings: Part I: the long term context. Quat. Sci. Rev. 134, 1–18 (2016).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Sigl, M. et al. Timing and climate forcing of volcanic eruptions for the past 2,500 years. Nature 523, 543–549 (2015).
Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Global Volcanism Program – Volcanoes of the World 5.1.5 (Smithsonian Institution Global Volcanism Program, accessed 22 November 2025); https://volcano.si.edu/volcanolist_holocene.cfm.
Gao, C., Robock, A. & Ammann, C. Volcanic forcing of climate over the past 1500 years: an improved ice core-based index for climate models. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 113, D23 (2008).
Article Google Scholar
Toohey, M. & Sigl, M. Volcanic stratospheric sulphur injections and aerosol optical depth from 500 BCE to 1900 CE. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 9, 809–831 (2017).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Toohey, M. et al. Disproportionately strong climate forcing from extratropical explosive volcanic eruptions. Nat. Geosci. 12, 100–107 (2019).
Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
Þórarinsson, S. The Eruptions of Hekla in Historical Times: A Tephrochronological Study (Leiftur, 1967).
Opała-Owczarek, M. et al. Slow growing juniper shrubs from northern Iceland record summer temperature changes over the last 800 years. Quat. Sci. Rev. 363, 109441 (2025).
Article Google Scholar
Sjolte, J., Adolphi, F., Guðlaugsdòttir, H. & Muscheler, R. Major differences in regional climate impact between highland low latitude volcanic eruptions. Geophys. Res. Lett. 48, e2020GL092017 (2021).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Burke, A. et al. High sensitivity of summer temperatures to stratospheric sulfur loading from volcanoes in the Northern Hemisphere. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 120, e2221810120 (2023).
Article CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
Krawitz, B. & Robock, A. Climate effects of high-latitude volcanic eruptions: role of the time of year. J. Geophys. Res. 116, D01105 (2011).
ADS Google Scholar
Paik, S. et al. Impact of volcanic eruptions on extratropical atmospheric circulations: review, revisit and future directions. Environ. Res. Lett. 18, 063003 (2023).
Article Google Scholar
Fuglestvedt, H. F., Zhuo, Z. & Krüger, K. Volcanic forcing of high-latitude Northern Hemisphere eruptions. npj Clim. Atmos. Sci. 7, 10 (2024).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Osman, M. et al. North Atlantic jet stream projections in the context of the past 1,250 years. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 118, e2104105118 (2021).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Zhuo, Z., Kirchner, I., Pfahl, S. & Cubasch, U. Climate impact of volcanic eruptions: the sensitivity to eruption season and latitude in MPI-ESM ensemble experiments. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 21, 13425–13442 (2021).
Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
Tao, Q., Shen, C., Muscheler, R. & Sjolte, J. Distinct winter North Atlantic climate responses to tropical and extratropical eruptions over the last millennium in PMIP simulations and reconstructions. Clim. Past 21, 2561–2578 (2025).
Article Google Scholar
Predybaylo, Y., Stenchikov, G., Wittenberg, A. T. & Osipov, S. El Niño/Southern Oscillation response to low-latitude volcanic eruptions depends on ocean pre-conditions and eruption timing. Commun. Earth Environ. 1, 12 (2020).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Andreasen, L. S. et al. Changes in Northern Hemisphere extra-tropical cyclone frequency following volcanic eruptions. Environ. Res. Clim. 3, 025002 (2024).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Ogawa, F. & Spengler, T. Influence of mid-latitude sea surface temperature fronts on the atmospheric water cycle and storm track activity. Weather Clim. Dynam. 5, 1031–1042 (2024).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Cunningham, L. et al. Reconstructions of surface ocean conditions from the northeast Atlantic and Nordic seas during the last millennium. Holocene 23, 921–935 (2013).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Chemke, R., Polvani, L. M. & Deser, C. The effect of Arctic sea ice loss on the Hadley circulation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 46, 963–972 (2019).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Folland, C. K. et al. The Summer North Atlantic Oscillation, Arctic sea ice, and Arctic jet Rossby wave forcing. Sci. Adv. 10, eadk6693 (2024).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Cohen, J., Francis, A. J. & Pfeiffer, K. Anomalous Arctic warming linked with severe winter weather in Northern Hemisphere continents. Commun. Earth Environ. 5, 557 (2024).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Pfister, C. Klimawandel in der Geschichte Europas. Zur Entwicklung und zum Potenzial der historischen Klimatologie. Österr. Z. Gesch.-wiss. 12, 7–43 (2001).
CAS Google Scholar
Fanta, V., Šálek, M. & Sklenicka, P. How long do floods throughout the millennium remain in the collective memory? Nat. Commun. 10, 1105 (2019).
Article ADS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Lübken, U. Die Natur der Gefahr: Überschwemmungen am Ohio River im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014).
Li, T. in The Crisis of the 14th Century. Teleconnections between Environmental and Societal Change? (eds Bauch, M. & Schenk, G.) 100–129 (DeGruyter, 2020).
Cook, E. R. et al. Asian monsoon failure and megadrought during the last millennium. Science 328, 486–489 (2010).
Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Yang, B. et al. A 3,500-year tree-ring record of annual precipitation on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 2903–2908 (2014).
Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Rao, M. P. et al. Brahmaputra River 700 year monsoon season streamflow reconstruction. Nat. Commun. 11, 6017 (2020).
Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Cook, E. R. et al. Megadroughts in North America: placing IPCC projections of hydroclimatic change in a long-term palaeoclimate context. J. Quat. Sci. 25, 48–61 (2010).
Article Google Scholar
Meko, D. M. et al. Medieval drought in the upper Colorado River Basin. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L10705 (2007).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Cleaveland, M. A 963-year reconstruction of summer (JJA) streamflow in the White River, Arkansas, USA, from tree-rings. Holocene 10, 33–41 (2000).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Priestley, M. D. & Catto, J. L. Future changes in the extratropical storm tracks and cyclone intensity, wind speed, and structure. Weather Clim. Dynam. 3, 337–360 (2022).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Haslinger, K. et al. Increasing hourly heavy rainfall in Austria reflected in flood changes. Nature 639, 667–672 (2025).
Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kreibich, H. et al. The challenge of unprecedented floods and droughts in risk management. Nature 608, 80–86 (2022).
Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Salinas, J., Kiss, A., Viglione, A., Viertl, R. & Blöschl, G. A fuzzy Bayesian approach to flood frequency estimation with imprecise historical information. Water Resour. Res. 52, 6730–6750 (2016).
Article ADS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Baethgen, F. Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Scriptores rerum Germanicarum, Nova Series, Vol. 3. Die Chronik Johanns von Winterthur (Weidmannsche Buchhandlung, 1924).
Strobel, A. W. & Schott, A. In Bibliothek des Literarischen Vereins in Stuttgart (ed. Strobel, A. W.) 1–127 (Literarischer Verein, 1842).
Loserth, J. Fontes Rerum Austriacarum. Oesterreichische Geschichts-Quellen. Königsaaler Geschichts-Quellen / Domherr Franz von Prag. Vol. 1: Scriptores, Vol. 8 (Gerold, 1875).
Böhmer, J. F. Fontes rerum Germanicarum. Geschichtsquellen Deutschlands, Band 4: Heinricus de Diessenhofen und andere Geschichtsquellen Deutschlands im späteren Mittelalter (Cotta, 1868).
Hungarian National Archives, Archival Documents of Medieval Hungary. 31242: Charter of the Chapter of Eger, issued 24 May 1342.
Wetter, O. et al. The largest floods in the High Rhine basin since 1268 assessed from documentary and instrumental evidence. Hydrolog. Sci. J. 56, 733–758 (2011).
Article Google Scholar
Assmann, J. in The Theoretical Foundations of Hungarian ‘Lieux de Mémoire’ Studies. Loci Memoriae Hungaricae 1 (eds Varga, P. S. et al.) 36–43 (Debrecen Univ. Press, 2013).
Bresslau, H. Scriptores rerum Germanicarum, Nova series 1: Die Chronik Heinrichs Taube von Selbach (Weidmann, 1922).
Braun, G. Civitates Orbis Terrarum. Liber Quartus (1588).
Brázdil, R. & Dobrovolný, P. Floods in the Czech Republic during the past millennium. Houill. Blanche 5, 50–55 (2004).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Tyraček, J., Westaway, R. & Bridgland, D. River terraces of the Vltava and Labe (Elbe) system, Czech Republic, and their implications for the uplift history of the Bohemian Massif. Proc. Geol. Assoc. 115, 101–124 (2004).
Article Google Scholar
Čiháková, J. Fortification of the southern and eastern perimeter of the early Gothic predecessor of today’s Malá Strana. Staletá Praha 38, 86–157 (2022).
Article Google Scholar
Havrda, J. & Tryml, M. Medieval pavements in the old town of Prague. An archaeological contribution to the knowledge of the history of communications. Staletá Praha 25, 41–52 (2009).
Article Google Scholar
Elleder, L., Herget, J., Roggenkamp, T. & Nießen, A. Historic floods in the city of Prague—reconstruction of peak discharges. Hydrol. Res. 44, 202–214 (2013).
Article Google Scholar
Kozáková, R. & Pokorný, P. Dynamics of the biotopes at the edge of a medieval town. Preslia 79, 259–281 (2007).
Google Scholar
Havrda, J. Archaeological evidence of floods in medieval and early modern Prague. In Proc. 3rd PAGES Paleoflood Group Workshop (PAGES, 2025).
Hrdlička, L. K proménám středověké Prahy. In Prague: A Hub of European Culture. International Symposium ICOMOS2000 (eds Kovaříková, L. et al.) 48–53 (ICOMOS, 2000).
Hrdlička, L. in Neživá příroda Prahy a jejiho okolí (eds Kovanda, J. et al.) 201–212 (ICOMOS Czech National Committee, 2001).
Kiss, A. & Laszlovszky, J. 14th-16th-century Danube floods and long-term water-level changes in archaeological and sedimentary evidence in the western and central Carpathian Basin: an overview with documentary comparison. J. Environ. Geogr. 6, 1–11 (2013).
Article Google Scholar
Kiss, A. & Laszlovszky, J. in Islands, Monasteries and Water—Liquid Life on Liminal Land (eds Hüglin, S. et al.) Ch. 13 (Sidestone, 2026).
Brázdil, R., Kotyza, O. & Dobrovolný, P. July 1432 and August 2002— two millennial floods in Bohemia?. Hydrol. Sci. J. 51, 848–863 (2006).
Article Google Scholar
Elleder, L. Historical changes in frequency of extreme floods in Prague. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 19, 4307–4315 (2015).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Podliska, J. & Semerád, M. Nové poznatky o konstrukci Juditina mostu v Praze. Staletá Praha 28, 121–136 (2012).
Article Google Scholar
Havrda, J. in Archeologický výzkum v Praze v letech 2011–2012 (eds Dragoun, Z. et al.) Pražský sborník historický 41, 489–490 (2013).
Podélný profil dolní Vltavy v Praze od ústí Berounky až k ústí Labe: Vodopis československé republiky, řada V, sešit 12, svazek 166, Státní ústav hydrologický T.G. Masaryka v Praze Podbabě https://www.lvvc.cz/databaze.php?UDALOST=33 (1951).
Cihla, M. & Panáček, M. in Archäologie der Brücken/Archaeology of Bridges (ed. Bayerische Gesellschaft für Unterwasserarchäologie & Bayerischen Landesamt für Denkmalplege) 240–246 (Pustet, 2011).
Kolářová, D. Two historical bridges in one in Roudnice nad Labem. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 1203, 022014 (2021).
Google Scholar
Herget, J. Am Anfang war die Sintflut – Hochwasserkatastrophen in der Geschichte (Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2012).
Richter, O. Geschichte der Stadt Fresden. Erster Theil: Dresden im Mittelalter (Baensch, 1900).
Bartl, S. et al. Zur Rekonstruktion langjähriger Wasserstands- und Durchflusszeitreihen am Elbepegel Dresden. Hydrol. Wasserbewirtsch. 52, 162–167 (2008).
Google Scholar
Municipal Library of Rouen. Chron. mscr. S. Katharinae, apud chron. triplex et unum, folio 162.
Braun, G., Hogenberg, F. & Novellanus, S. Civitates Orbis Terrarum. Liber Primus (Kempen, 1572).
Le Lieur, J. La Grande Vue de Rouen en 1525. Miniature centrale: Jacques Le Lieur remettant le Livre des Fontaines aux conseillers municipaux, dans une salle de ‘l’Hostel-commun’, le 30 janvier 1526. Rotomagus https://www.rotomagus.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b100500169.image (n.d.).
Gomboust, J. Plan de Rouen, réalisé par Gomboust en 1655. Wikimedia https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plan_assembl%C3%A9_Rouen_-_Gomboust_1655.jpg.
Richard, C. V. L. Recherches historiques sur Rouen: fortifications, Porte Martinville (Péron, 1844).
Le Cautan, M. La chapelle Notre-Dame-du-Parc, prieuré de Grandmont, à Rouen. Bull. Monumental 92, 207–219 (1933).
Article Google Scholar
Dion, R. Observations sur le site de la ville de Rouen. Ann. Geogr. 41, 131–142 (1932).
Article Google Scholar
Sadourny, A. Les transports sur la Seine aux XIIIe et XIVe siècles. Ann. Bretagne Pays Ouest 85, 231–244 (1978) .
Article Google Scholar
Frouin, M., Sebag, D., Durand, A. & Laignel, B. Palaeoenvironmental evolution of the Seine River estuary during the Holocene. Quaternaire 21, 71–83 (2010).
Article Google Scholar
Foussard, V. et al. Évolutions Morphologique d’un Estuaire Anthropisé de 1800 à Nos Jours. Fascicule Seine-Aval, GIP Seine-Aval 2.3. (Seine-Aval, 2010).
Sorrel, P. et al. Evidence for millennial-scale climatic events in the sedimentary infilling of a macrotidal estuarine system, the Seine estuary (NW France). Quat. Sci. Rev. 28, 499–516 (2009).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Rouen topographic map (Topographicmap.com, accessed 11 December 2025); https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/map-l1pcz/Rouen/?center=49.4387%2C1.0996&zoom=17&popup=49.43986%2C1.09762.
Bordas-Demoulin, J.B. Chorographie du Dunois ou Notice sur les Villes, Bourgs, Fiefs, Justices, Châteaux: Maisons de Campagne de Quelque Importance qui y Sont Renfermés (ed. Achille Guenée, M.) 9–10 (Lecesne, 1851).
Souchet J.-B. Histoire du Diocèse et de la Ville de Chartres, Tome 3 (Garnier, 1869).
Chevard, V. Histoire de Chartres et de l’Ancien Pays Chartrain: Avec une Description Statistique du Département d’Eure et Loir, Tome 2 (Durand-le-Tellier, 1801).
Héliot, P. & Jouven, G. L’église Saint-Pierre de Chartres et l’architecture du Moyen Âge. Bull. Archeol. Comit. Trav. Histor. Sci. 6, 117–177 (1970).
Google Scholar
Borderie, Q. et al. Castles in townscapes: studying fortified medieval towns and their environments in Eure-et-Loir (France). Landscapes 20, 139–159 (2021).
Article Google Scholar
Braun, G. Urbium praecipuarum totius mundi. Liber Tertius (Cologne Brachel, [1581] 1616). Table 8; https://polona.pl/item-view/6d35677c-c571-47bf-b160-9791501eb614?page=1.
Boudan, L. Veue de l’Abbaye: De St Pere en Valee a Chartres. Gallica Digital Library, digital ID btv1b69018265 (1696).
Global elevation and flood map (Floodmap, accessed 23 February 2026); http://www.floodmap.net.
Annales Trinitatis Vindocinensis. in L. Recueil d’annales angevines et vendômoises. Collection de Textes (pour servir a l’ étude et a l’enseignement de l’histoire) (ed. Halphen, L.) 50–79 (Picard, 1903).
Mesmin, E. et al. Characterization of periods of high and low hydrological activity in the Loire River, France, between the 14th and mid-19th centuries. J. Hydrol. 633, 130932 (2024).
Article Google Scholar
Piana, J. et al. Dynamique paysagère tardiglaciaire et holocène dans la vallée du Loir à Pezou (Loir-et-Cher): développements méthodologiques et premiers résultats. Norois 213, 73–88 (2009).
Article Google Scholar
Pasquier, J.-C. Le Loir en Vendômois. B. Soc. Arch. Vend. 51, 149–160 (2012).
Google Scholar
MAV (Municipal Archives of Vendôme). Antiphonarium, cum notis musicis XVth century. Latin Parchment, 229 folio: “…Quia cito veniet salus tua…” Notes relatives à des inondations survenues à Vendôme en 1342 (1459).
Isnard, I. L’Abbatiale de la Trinité de Vendôme (Rennes Univ. Press, 2007).
Matériaux du Monasticon gallicanum de Dom Germain. Latin 11821. https://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cc73258k Bibliothèque nationale de France. Département des Manuscrits. Latin 11821.
Plat, G. L’église de la Trinité de Vendôme (Laurens, 1934).
Herget, J. & Meurs, H. Reconstructing peak discharges for historic flood levels in the city of Cologne, Germany. Glob. Planet Change 70, 108–116 (2010).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Schedel, H. Liber chronicarum (Nürnberg Koberger, 1493). Universitätstbibliothek Heidelberg. Digitale Bibliothek [M40784]; https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.5223#0621.
Centralbureau für Meteorologie und Hydrographie im Großherzogthum Baden. Der Rheinstrom und seine wichtigsten Nebenflüsse (Selbstverlag, 1889).
Froning, R. Frankfurter Chroniken und annalistische Aufzeichnungen des Mittelaters (Jügel, 1884).
Bork, H.-R. & Kranz, A. Die Jahrtausendflut des Jahres 1342 prägt Deutschland. Naturkunde 158, 119–129 (2008).
Google Scholar
Boehmer, F. Fontes rerum Germanicarum. Geschichtsquellen Deutschlands, Erster Band (Cotta’scher, 1843).
Schiller, H. Ermittlung von Hochwasserwahrscheinlichkeiten am schiffbaren Main und überregionaler Vergleich der Ergebnisse. Beit. Hydrol. S6, 79–101 (1987).
Google Scholar
Widmann, S. Die Eberbacher Chronik der Mayenceer Erzbischöfe (Hahnʼsche Buchhandlung, 1888).
Roth, F.W.E. Fontes rerum Nassoicarum. Geschichtsquellen aus Nassau, Vol. 1: Die Geschichtsquellen des Niederrheingaus (Limbarth, 1880).
Ngo, H. et al. Reconstruction of the 1374 Rhine river flood event around Cologne region using 1D–2D coupled hydraulic modelling approach. J. Hydrol. 617, 129039 (2023).
Article Google Scholar
Van der Meulen, B., Defilet, M. P., Tebbens, L. A. & Cohen, K. M. Palaeoflood level reconstructions in a lowland setting from urban archaeological stratigraphy, Rhine river delta, the Netherlands. Catena 212, 106031 (2022).
Article Google Scholar
Pörtge, K.-H. & Deutsch, M. Hochwasser in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart. Rundgespr. Ökol. 18, 139–151 (2000).
Google Scholar
Gauger, M. in Schauplätze und Themen der Umweltgeschichte (eds Hermann, B. & Dahlke, C) 95–106 (Universitätsverlag, 2010).
Herget, J. et al. in Die Thüringische Sintflut von 1613 und ihre Folgen für heute. Schriften der Deutschen Wasserhistorischen Gesellschaft 22 (ed. Ohlig, C.) 77–105. (Papierfliegerverlag, 2013).
Hindemith, A. Hochwassermarken Blasiuskirche. Wikimedia https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Hochwassermarken_Pfeiler_Blasiuskirche_M%C3%BCnden.jpg.
Schiltern D.J. Die Alteste Teutsche so wol Allgemeine als inbesonderheit Elsassische und Straßburgische Chronicke. Von Jacob von Königshoven Priestern in Straßburg Von Anfang der Welt biß ins Jahr nach Christi Geburth MCCC LXXXVI beschrieben. 365 (Städel, 1698).
Topografische Karte Europa (Topographicmap.com, accessed 23 February 2026); https://de-de.topographic-map.com/map-d71nx/Europa/.
Le service d’information sur le risqué de crues des principaux d’eau en France. Vigicrues http://www.vigicrues.gouv.fr/.
HydroPortail v3.4.5. Portail d’accès aux données hydrométriques et hydrologiques. EauFrance http://www.hydro.eaufrance.fr/.
Waton, M.-D. Les enceintes de Strasbourg à travers les siècles. In Situ 16, 442 (2011).
Article Google Scholar
Abdulkarim, M. et al. Morpho-sedimentary characteristics of Holocene paleochannels in the Upper Rhine alluvial plain, France. E&G Quat. Sci. J. 71, 191–212 (2022).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Heinrich von Diessenhofen. ALCUIN. Infothek der Scholastik http://alcuin.de/philosopher.php?id=7126 (2026).
Merian, M. Topographia Alsatiae completa, Vol. 2 (Spörlin, 1643).
Bernouli, A. Basler Chroniken, Vol. 5; Vol. 6 (Hirzel, 1895; 1902).
Ott, H. (ed.) Säckingen: Die Geschicte der Stadt (Theiss, 1978).
Münster, S. Cosmographei oder beschreibung aller laender herrschafften (n.p., 1550); http://dl.ub.uni-freiburg.de/diglit/muenster1550.
Tilman2007. Lindau, Barfüßerplatz 1a. Wikimedia https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lindau,_Barf%C3%BC%C3%9Ferplatz_1a-004.jpg.
Kulturamt Lindau. Stadttheater Lindau, Außenansicht mit Eingang. Wikipedia https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadttheater_Lindau#/media/Datei:Au%C3%9Fenansicht_Eingang.jpg.
Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt. Umwelt Atlas Hochwasser. Umwelt Atlas https://www.umweltatlas.bayern.de/mapapps/resources/apps/umweltatlas/.
Ettmüller, L. Die beiden ältesten Deutschen Jahrbücher der Stadt Zürich (Meyer und Zeller, 1844).
Dierauer. J. (ed.) Quellen zur Schweizer Geschichte, Band 18 (Geering, 1900).
Merian, M. Topographia Herveticae, Rhaetiae et Valesiae (Matthaeus Merians Erben, 1642).
Wetter, O. & Specker, T. HWS Sihl-Limmat –Schlussbericht Historische Studien (AWEL, 2015).
Naef-Huber, D. et al. Hochwasserschutz Zürich – Seestände und Abfluss: Heute mit dem Schiff ins Zürher Fraumünster? Wasser Energie Luft 108, 109–114 (2016).
Google Scholar
Murer, H. Frauenfeld, Kantonsbibliothek Thurgau, Y 105: Chronicle of St. Katharinental, Töss and Berenberg Abbey, Ittingen. Europeana https://www.europeana.eu/en/item/92004/object_CHKBT_Y_105_______3ASVX63?page=59.
Grund Riss des Klosters zu Tös. 1780. Zentralbibliothek Zürich. https://www.e-manuscripta.ch/zuzneb/doi/10.7891/e-manuscripta-7174.
Hegel, K. Die Chroniken der oberrheinischen Städte. 1. Straßburg. 132–133 (Akademie, 1870).
Glunk, H. Beobachtungen an der Stadtmauer von Konstanz, Abschlussbericht der Rettungsgrabung (2023_0153): Konstanz „Bodanstraße 34“. Dok. Archäol. Baden-Württemberg 14, 1–11 (2025).
Google Scholar
Kalt, N. Ansicht der Stadt Konstanz / Panorama of Konstanz. Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Kupferstichkabinett (1601). https://id.smb.museum/object/1052499/ansicht-der-stadt-konstanz.
Konold, W. Die Regulierung des Bodensees: eine alte Geschichte. Bürger & Staat 50, 82–86 (2000).
Google Scholar
Dumitrache, M. Die Konstanzer Markstätte im Mittelalter und in der Neuzeit (Reichert, 2018).
Wessels, M., Mohaupt, K., Kümmerlin, R. & Lenhard, A. Reconstructing past eutrophication trends from diatoms and biogenic silica in the sediment and the pelagic zone of Lake Constance, Germany. J. Paleolimnol. 21, 171–192 (1999).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Gunten, H. R. et al. Sedimentation rates in the central Lake Constance determined with 210Pb and Cs. Schweiz. Z. Hydrol. 49, 275–283 (1987).
Article Google Scholar
Schaller, S. et al. Postglacial evolution of Lake Constance: sedimentological and geochemical evidence from a deep-basin sediment core. Swiss J. Geosci. 115, 7 (2022).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Merle, W. Consideraciones temperiei pro septem annis Christi. The earliest known journal of the weather (ed. Symons, G. J.) 1337–1344 (Stanford, 1891).
van Bebber, W. J. Die Zugstrassen der barometrischen Minima nach den Bahnenkarten der Deutschen Seewarte für den Zeitraum 1875-1890. Meteorol. Z. 8, 361–466 (1891).
Google Scholar
Young, G. H. et al. Changes in atmospheric circulation and the Arctic Oscillation preserved within a millennial length reconstruction of summer cloud cover from northern Fennoscandia. ClimDyn 39, 495–507 (2012).
Article Google Scholar
Bologna, Archivio de Stato, Comune – Governo – Signoria Pepoli: Provvigioni cartacea 236, f. 115 v.
Jóźwiak, S. in Studies on the Military Orders, Prussia, and Urban History (eds Jarnowsky, K. et al.) 261–272 (Univ. Debrecen ‘Hungary in Medieval Europe’ Research Group, 2020).
Bauch, M. & Forster, C. in Pilgern zu Wasser und zu Lande. Jakobus-Studien 24 (eds Kühne, H. & Popp, C.) 15–78 (Narr Francke Attempto Verlag, 2022).
Gajdošová, J. Imperial memory and the Charles Bridge. Ostblick 3, 1–11 (2012).
Google Scholar
Nagel, W. Die alte Dresdner Augustusbrücke (Verein für Geschichte Dresdens, 1924).
Privilege and permission charter issued by Pope Clemens VI to the Abbess of the St. Fridolin Nunnery (Fridolinmünster), Säckingen; 30 September 1345. Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg, Generallandesarchiv Karlsruhe, 16: Säckingen, Urkunden. Papal register No.: AAV, Reg. Vat. 172, f° 172r–v.
Lorenc, V. Das Prag Karls IV. Die Prager Neustadt (Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, 1982).
Graus, F. in Zentralität als Problem der mittelalterlichen Stadtgeschichtsforschung (ed. Meynen, E.) Städteforschungen Reihe A: Darstellungen Bd. 8 (Böhlau, 1979).
Gedeon, L. Prozessionen in Frankfurt am Main. Arch. Mittelrheinisch. Kirchengesch. Nebst Ber. Kirchlichen Denkmalpfl. 52, 11–54 (2000).
Google Scholar
Blischke, D. Vor uns die Sintflut – Zur Krisenbewältigung des Magdalenenhochwassers 1342 an ausgewählten Fallbeispielen. Mittelalter 4, 33–50 (2021).
Google Scholar
Shepherd, W. R. Historical Atlas (Holt and Company, 1911).
Herbert, Cl.-J. in Essai sur la police générale des grains, sur leurs prix et sur les effets de l’agriculture 1755 (ed. Depitré, E.) 76–78 (Geuthner, 1910).
Usher, A. P. The general course of wheat prices in France: 1350–1788. Rev. Econ. Stat. 12, 162 (1930).
Article Google Scholar
Bauernfeind, W. Materielle Grundstrukturen im Spätmittelalter und der Frühen Neuzeit (Schriftreihe des Stadtsarchivs Nürnberg, 1993).
Slavin, P. Bread and Ale for the Brethen: The Provisioning of Norwich Cathedral Priory, 1260–1536 (Univ. Hertfordshire Press, 2012).
Vulliod, F. La Normandie occidentale (la Manche) de la fin du Moyen Age au milieu du XIX siècle: étude démographique et économique. PhD thesis, Normandie Univ. (2018).
Espeel, S. Driven by crises: price integration on the grain market in late medieval Flanders. Econ. Hist. Rev. 77, 849–872 (2024).
Article Google Scholar
Phelps-Brown, E. H. & Hopkins, S.hV. Seven centuries of the price of consumables, compared with builders’ wage rates. Economica 23, 296–314 (1956).
Article Google Scholar
Munro, J. H. Database of ‘Seven centuries of the price of consumables, compared with builders’ wage rates of Phelps-Brown, E.H. & Hopkins, S.V.’ (corrected and converted by Munro, J.) https://www.economics.utoronto.ca/munro5/ResearchData.html (2012).
Hybel, N. The grain trade in Northern Europe before 1350. Econ. Hist. Rev. 55, 219–247 (2002).
Article Google Scholar
Continuatio Novimontensis. in Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Scriptores, Vol. 9 (ed. Wattenbach, W.) 688–677 (Hahn, 1851).
Espeel, S. The grain market and preferential trade of large landowners in Flemish cities during the Age of Shocks (1330–1370). MEFRM 131, 29–44 (2019).
Google Scholar
Galloway, J. A. One market or many? London and the grain trade of England. CMH Work. Pap. Ser. 3, 23–42 (2000).
Google Scholar
Campbell, B. in Le interazioni fra economia e ambiente biologico nell’Europe preindustriale. Secc. XIII-XVIII/Economic and Biological Interactions in Pre-Industrial Europe from the 13th to the 18th Centuries (ed. Cavaciocchi, S.) 13–32 (Florence Univ. Press, 2010).
Farmer, D. L. in The Agrarian History of England and Wales, Vol 2, 1042–1350. (ed. Hallam, H. E.) 716–817 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1988).
Medieval English Grain Yield Database. https://jordanclaridge.com/datasets (2026).
Mäesalu, M. Taani kuninga asehaldur Konrad Preen ja Jüriöö ülestõus. Tuna 2, 9–24 (2021).
Google Scholar
Kiss, A., Piti, F., Sebők, F. & Teiszler, É. in The Crisis of the 14th Century. Teleconnections between Environmental and Societal Change? (eds Bauch, M. & Schenk, G.) 100–129 (De Gruyter, 2020).
Piti, F. Anjou-kori oklevéltár / Documenta res Hungaricas tempore regum Andegavensium illustrantia, Vols. 26, 27 (1342, 1343) (Szegedi Középkorász Műhely, 2007).
Ravančić, G. Economic activities of Dubrovnik during the plague epidemics in the fourteenth century. Hist. Zb. 77, 43–55 (2024).
Google Scholar
Morrison, C. & Cheynet, J.-C. in The Economic History of Byzantium: From the Seventh through the Fifteenth Century (eds Laiou, A. E. et al.) 815–878 (Dumbarton Oaks, 2002).
L’Istorie e l’arme delle Famiglie più antiche di Venezia, c 194v, Ms. anonimo, Venezia, Bibl. Museo Correr, Cod. Gradenigo 131, cc. 206.
Müller, R. C. The Venetian Money Market: Banks, Panics, and the Public Debt, 1200–1500 (Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 2019).
de La Roncière, C.-M. Prix et salaires à Florence au XIVe siècle (1280–1380) (Publications de l’École française de Rome, 1981).
Dameron, G. Feeding the medieval Italian City-state. Speculum 92, 976–1019 (2017).
Article Google Scholar
Nanni, P. in The Crisis of the 14th Century (eds Bauch, M. & Schenk, G.) 169–189 (De Gruyter, 2020).
Larenaudie, M.-J. Les famines en Languedoc aux XIVe et XVe siècles. Ann. Midi 64, 27–39 (1952).
Article Google Scholar
Melis, A.R. Els cereals i el pa en els països de llengua catalana a la baixa edat mitjana (Institut d’Estudis Catalans, 2017).
Melis, A.R. Alimentación, sociedad, cultura y política en el Occidente medieval (Ediciones Trea, 2021).
Hamilton, E.J. Money, Prices, and Wages in Valencia, Aragon, and Navarre 1351–1500 (Porcupine Press, 1975).
Faigl, M. Die Urkunden des Regulierten Chorherrensstiftes Herzogenburg vom Jahre seiner Übertragung von St. Georgen: 1244 bis 1450 (Mayer, 1886).
Wenzel, G. Magyar Diplomácziai Emlékek az Anjou-korból II (Magyar Tudományos Akadémia, 1875).
Thompson, M. E. Adeae Murimuth Continuatio Chronicarum (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2012).
Bond, E.A. Chronica Monasterii de Melsa a fundatione usque ad annum 1396 (Longmans, 1868).
Venezia, Archivio di Stato, Senato Misti, reg. 20, 5 Aug. 1342.
Bologna, Archivio di Stato, Comune – Governo – Signoria Pepoli: Provvigioni cartacea 238 (1342–1343), Vol. II-19, f. 56r.
Bologna, Archivio di Stato, Comune – Governo – Signoria Pepoli: Provvigioni cartacea 239 (1343), Vol. II-22, f. 74r.–78 v.
Alexandre, P. Le climate en Europe au Moyen Age, contribution à l’histoire ds variations climatiques de 1000 à 1425, d’ après les sources narratives de l’Europe occidentale (École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 1987).
Champion, M. Les inundations en France depuis le VIe siècle jusqu’a nos jours (Dunod, 1858–1863).
Weikinn, C. Quellentexte zur Witterungsgeschichte Europas von der Zeitwende bis zum Jahre 1850: Hydrographie, Vols. 1–6 (Akademie Verlag, 1958–2002).
Glaser, R. Klimageschichte Mitteleuropas: 1200 Jahre Wetter, Klima, Katastrophen (Primus Verlag, 2013).
Telelis, I. G. Climatic fluctuations in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East AD 300–1500 from Byzantine documentary and proxy physical paleoclimatic evidence – a comparison. Jahrb. Österr. Byzantinistik 58, 167–207 (2008).
Article Google Scholar
Lászlóffy, W. A Tisza (Akadémiai Kiadó, 1982).
Tuncok, I. K. Transboundary river basin flood forecasting and early warning system experience in Maritza River basin between Bulgaria and Turkey. Nat. Hazards 75, 191–214 (2014).
Article Google Scholar
Simonová, D., Holubecká, M. & Jarošová, M. Povodnová situácia na východnom Slovensku v novembri 2009. Slovenský hydrometeorologický ústav. Odbor Hydrologické predpovede a výstrahy Košice (SHMÚ, 2009).
Simonová, D., Holubecká, M., Jarošová, M. & Smrtník, P. Povodňová situácia na východnom Slovensku v decembri 2009 a v januári 2010. Slovenský hydrometeorologický ústav. Odbor Hydrologické predpovede a výstrahy Košice (SHMÚ, 2010).
Megemlékezés a 2010. évi Észak-magyarországi árvizekről (EMVIZIG, 2010).
Past weather in Budapest, Hungary – December 2009 (Timeanddate, accessed 31 August 2025); https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/hungary/budapest/historic?month=12&year=2009.
Past weather in Budapest, Hungary – January 2010 (Timeanddate, accessed 31 August 2025); https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/hungary/budapest/historic?month=1&year=2010.
Monthly precipitation total in January 2010 (Deutsche Wetterdienst, accessed 21 September 2025); https://www.dwd.de/EN/ourservices/rcccm/int/rcccm_month_rrr.html.
Monthly sea level pressure: January 2010 in comparison with the 1961-1990 means (Deutsche Wetterdienst, accessed 21 September 2025); https://www.dwd.de/EN/ourservices/rcccm/int/rcccm_month_rrr.html.
Hydrological Reports: Flood reports 2009–2010 (SHMÚ, accessed 31 August 2025); https://www.shmu.sk/en/?page=1&id=mim_hydro_sprav&rok=2010&mesiac=1&sending=.
Climatological Services 2009–2010: Precipitation (SHMÚ, accessed 31 August 2025); https://www.shmu.sk/en/?page=1&id=klimat_operativneudaje2&identif=11816&rok=2010&obdobie=1991-2020.
Blahová, A. et al. Správa o povodniach za rok 2010. Slovenský Hydrometeorologický Ústav. Centrum predpovedí a výstrah Odbor Hydrologické predpovede a výstrahy (SHMÚ, 2011).
Poulos, S. et al. An Insight into the factors controlling delta flood events: the case of the Evros River deltaic plain (NE Aegean Sea). Water 14, 497 (2022).
Article Google Scholar
Pichard, G., Arnaud-Fassetta, G., Moron, V. & Roucaute, E. Hydro-climatology of the Lower Rhône Valley: historical flood reconstruction (AD 1300–2000) based on documentary and instrumental sources. Hydrol. Sci. J. 62, 1772–1795 (2017).
Article Google Scholar
ICPDR Flood Protection Expert Group. The analysis of the Danube Floods 2006 (ICPDR, 2007).
Thielen, J. et al. European Flood Alert System 4th Annual Report 2006 (Ispra JRC RC 2007).
Younis, J., Ramos, M.-H. & Thielen, J. EFAS forecast for the March–April 2006 flood in the Czech part of the Elbe River Basin—a case study. Atmos. Sci. Lett. 9, 88–94 (2008).
Article Google Scholar
Twardosz, R., Kossowska-Czezak, U. & Pelech, S. Extremely cold winter months in Europe (1951–2010). Acta Geophys. 64, 2609–2629 (2016).
Article ADS Google Scholar
EUCOLD Working Group on Levees and Flood Defences July 2018. European and US Levees and Flood Defences. Characteristics, Risks and Governance (CFBR, 2019).
NOAA reanalysis maps: 500 hPa geopotential height (27–29 March) (Wetterzentrale, accessed 4 April 2026); https://www.wetterzentrale.de/reanalysis.php?jaar=2006&maand=3&dag=27&uur=1800&var=1&map=1&model=noaa.
Előzetes kockázatbecslés országjelentése. A jelentés a 2007/60/EK Irányelve alapján készült (KÖTIVIZIG, 2012); https://www.kotikovizig.hu/doksik/akk/elozetes_kockazatbecsles_orszagjelentes.pdf.
Civil Protection. Floods spring 2006. European Commission https://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/civil_protection/floods_2006.htm.
Tisza: Vásárosnamény. Központi Hidrológiai Adattár. Archívum (KHAA); https://www.hydroinfo.hu/vituki/archivum/vn.htm.
Tisza: Szolnok. Központi Hidrológiai Adattár. Archívum (KHAA); https://www.hydroinfo.hu/vituki/archivum/so.htm.
Climate monitoring Europe – Maps of precipitation (monthly values) – WMO RA VI region. Monthly precipitation total in March 2006 (Deutsche Wetterdienst, accessed 21 September 2025); https://www.dwd.de/EN/ourservices/rcccm/int/rcccm_month_rrr.html;jsessionid=59F9D408BDC2585628C8D3CE28A21179.live21062?nn=790954.
Homokiné Újváry, K. & Kalmár, Gy. Tavaszi ár a Dunán és a Tiszán 2006. Országos Meteorológiai Szolgálat http://owww.met.hu/pages/arviz20060614.php.
Report on April 2006 floods in South Eastern Europe (OCHA Services, reliefweb; 2006); https://reliefweb.int/report/hungary/report-april-2006-floods-south-eastern-europe.
2006 floods in the Danube River Basin. Flood risk mitigation for people living along the Danube: the potential for floodplain protection and restoration. Working paper. Vienna, July 2006 (WWF EU, 2006); https://wwfeu.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/2006_floods_in_the_danube_river_basin_wwf_working_paper.pdf.
Climate monitoring Europe – Maps of precipitation (monthly values) – WMO RA VI region. Monthly precipitation total in April 2006 (Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD), accessed 21 September 2025); https://www.dwd.de/EN/ourservices/rcccm/int/rcccm_month_rrr.html.
NatRisk project. Report on natural disasters in the Western Balkans. Development of master curricula for natural disasters risk management in Western Balkan countries (573806-EFP-1-2016-1-RS-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP), 2016 (NatRisk, 2017); http://www.natrisk.ni.ac.rs/files/activities/1-1/Report_on_natural_disasters_in_WB.pdf.
Vidmar, A. The Bosna River floods in May 2014. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 16, 2235–2246 (2016).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Tolika, K., Maheras, P. & Anagnostopoulou, C. The exceptionally wet year of 2014 over Greece: statistical and synoptical–atmospheric analysis over the region of Thessaloniki. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 132, 809–821 (2018).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Stadtherr, L. et al. Record Balkan floods of 2014 linked to planetary wave resonance. Sci. Adv. 2, e1501428 (2016).
Article ADS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Cook, E. R. et al. Old World megadroughts and pluvials during the Common Era. Sci. Adv. 1, e1500561 (2015).
Article ADS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Tegel, W. et al. Higher groundwater levels in Western Europe characterize warm periods in the Common Era. Sci. Rep. 10, 16284 (2020).
Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Krug, A., Aemisegger, F., Sprenger, M. & Ahrens, B. Moisture sources of heavy precipitation in Central Europe in synoptic situations with Vb-cyclones. Clim. Dyn. 59, 3227–3245 (2022).
Article Google Scholar
Luterbacher, J. European summer temperatures since Roman times. Environ. Res. Lett. 11, 024001 (2016).
Article Google Scholar
Proctor, C., Baker, A. & Barnes, W. L. A three thousand year record of North Atlantic climate. Clim. Dyn. 19, 449–454 (2002).
Article Google Scholar
Deutsches Komitee Katastrophenvorsorge. Das Hochwasser im Juni 2013. Bewährungsprobe für das Hochwasserrisikomanagement in Deutschland. DKKV-Schriftenreihe 53 (DKKV, 2015).
Merz, B., Nguyen, V. D. & Vorogushyn, S. Temporal clustering of floods in Germany: do flood-rich and flood-poor periods exist? J. Hydrol. 541, 824–838 (2016).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Mohr, S. et al. A multi-disciplinary analysis of the exceptional flood event of July 2021 in central Europe – Part 1: Event description and analysis. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 23, 525–551 (2023).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Ludwig, P. et al. A multi-disciplinary analysis of the exceptional flood event of July 2021 in central Europe – Part 2: Historical context and relation to climate change. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 23, 1287–1311 (2023).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Roth, R. Einige Bemerkungen zur Entstehung von Sommerhochwasser aus meteorologischer Sicht. Z. Kulturtech. 37, 241–245 (1996).
Google Scholar
Bork, H.-R. Landschaften der Erde unter dem Einfluss des Menschen (Primus, 2006).
Wyttenbach, J.H. & Müller, M.F.J. Gesta Trevirorum. Vol. 2: Ab anno MCCLIX usque ad mortem archiepiscopi Richardi a Greifenclau anno MDXXXI (Lintz, 1838).
Merz, B. et al. Charting unknown waters—on the role of surprise in flood risk assessment and management. Water Resour. Res. 51, 6399–6416 (2015).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Messmer, M., Gómez-Navarro, J. J. & Raible, C. C. Climatology of Vb cyclones, physical mechanisms and their impact on extreme precipitation over Central Europe. Earth Syst. Dyn. 6, 541–553 (2015).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Roggenkamp, T., Herget, J. & Roggenkamp, T. Flood reconstruction—the unexpected rather frequent event at River Ahr in July 2021. Glob. Planet Change 240, 104541 (2024).
Article Google Scholar
Vorogushyn, S. It could have been much worse: spatial counterfactuals of the July 2021 flood in the Ahr Valley, Germany. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 25, 2007–2029 (2025).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Blöschl, G. The June 2013 flood in the Upper Danube Basin, and comparisons with the 2002, 1954 and 1899 floods. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 10, 9533–9573 (2013).
Google Scholar
Past Weather in Hertford, England, United Kingdom—August 2021 (Timeanddate, accessed 12 October 2025); www.timeanddate.com/weather/@2647044/historic?month=8&year=2021.
Petrić, H. in Man, Nature and Environment Between the Northern Adriatic and the Eastern Alps in Premodern Times (eds Štih, P. & Zwitter, Ž.) 260–289 (Znanstvena založba Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani, 2014).
Laczko, M., Potočki, K., Škreb, K. A. & Beza, N. Joint modelling of flood hydrograph peak, volume and duration using copulas – Case study of Sava and Drava River in Croatia, Europe. Water 14, 2481 (2022).
Article Google Scholar
Caporali, E., Rinaldi, M. & Casagli, N. The Arno River floods. Giorn. Geol. Appl. 1, 177–192 (2005).
Google Scholar
Pont, D., Day, J. W. & Ibáñez, C. The impact of two large floods (1993–1994) on sediment deposition in the Rhône delta: implications for sustainable management. Sci. Total Environ. 609, 251–262 (2017).
Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Stucki, P., Martius, O., Brönnimann, S. & Franke, J. The extreme flood event of Lago Maggiore in September 1993. Geogr. Bern G89, 53–58 (2013).
Google Scholar
Malguzzi, P., Grossi, G., Buzzi, A., Ranzi, R. & Buizza, R. The 1966 ‘century’ flood in Italy: a meteorological and hydrological revisitation. J. Geophys. Res. 111, D24106 (2006).
ADS Google Scholar
Ormánsági História. A nagy drávai árvíz - 1972. Ormánsági Krónika https://ormansagihistoria.blog.hu/2018/11/22/a_nagy_dravai_arviz (22 November 2022).
Schubert, J. et al. Vízgazdálkodás a Dél-dunántúli Vízügyi Igazgatóság működési területén. Hidrol. Közlöny 100, 5–17 (2020).
Google Scholar
The Italian floods of May 2023: a scientific analysis. CIMA Research Foundation https://www.cimafoundation.org/en/news/the-italian-floods-of-may-2023-a-scientific-analysis/ (2023).
October weather in Algeciras, Spain (Weather Spark, accessed 6 September 2025); https://weatherspark.com/m/34142/10/Average-Weather-in-October-in-Algeciras-Spain.
Wet end to the year in western and southern Europe. ESOTC Copernicus Climate Change Service https://climate.copernicus.eu/ESOTC/2019/wet-end-year-western-and-southern-europe (2019).
Gil-Guirado, S. et al. Flood impact on the Spanish Mediterranean coast since 1960 based on the prevailing synoptic patterns. Sci. Total Environ. 807, 150777 (2022).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
DANA storm system causes major flooding throughout Spain. Project44 https://www.project44.com/supply-chain-insights/dana-storm-system-causes-major-flooding-through-spain/ (2024).
Fekete, A., Estrany, J. & Ramírez, M.ÁA. Cascading impact chains and recovery challenges of the 2024 Valencia catastrophic floods. Discov. Sustain. 6, 586 (2025).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Meneguzzo, F. et al. Sensitivity of meteorological high-resolution numerical simulations of the biggest floods occurred over the Arno river basin, Italy, in the 20th century. J. Hydrol. 288, 37–56 (2004).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Tisza: Szeged. Központi Hidrológiai Adattár. Archívum (KHAA) https://www.hydroinfo.hu/vituki/archivum/se.htm.
Alberoni, P. P. et al. Mesoscale analysis of the October 1998 Friauli flood event. In Proc. 2nd EGS Plinius Conference on Mediterranean Storms (eds Mugnai, A. et al.) 1–11 (EGS, 2000).
Nagy, B. et al. A Felső-tiszai árvizek kialakulásának tényezői, különös tekintettel az utóbbi évek katasztrófáira, illetve azok elhárításának lehetőségeire (Berehove, 2002).
Draper, L. & Bownass, T.M. Unusual waves on European Coasts, February 1979. In Proc. 18th Coastal Engineering Conference (ed. Edge, B. L.) 270–281 (American Society of Civil Engineers, 1982).
Draper, L. & Bownass, T. M. Wave devastation behind Chesil Beach. Weather 38, 346–352 (1983).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Sibley, A. & Cox, D. Flooding along English Channel coast due to long-period swell waves. Weather 69, 59–66 (2014).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Szlávik, L. A 2001. évi felső-tiszai árvíz kialakulása és hidrológiai sajátosságai. Vízügyi Közl Különszám 3, 13–34 (2003).
Google Scholar
Historical weather 2001 in Algeciras, Spain. Wind direction, wind speed (Weather Spark, accessed 15 September 2025); https://weatherspark.com/h/y/34142/2001/Historical-Weather-during-2001-in-Algeciras-Spain#Figures-WindDirection.
Bodolainé Jakus, E. & Tánczer, T. A 2001. márciusi hirtelen tiszai árhullám meteorológiai háttere. Légkör 50, 2–11 (2005).
Google Scholar
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. 201703 – Windstorm – Zeus https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/201703+-+Windstorm+-+Zeus.
Fabricius, G. Rerum Miscinarum Libri VII (ed. Borsch, J. B.) (Voegelinus, 1569).
Güth, J.M.S. Poligraphia Meiningensis, Das ist Gründliche Beschreibung Der Uhr-alten Stadt Meiningen (Reyhern, 1676).
Klemm, G.F. Die Geschichte Dresdens von 1827 Chronik der Königlich Sächsischen Residenzstadt Dresden, Vol. 1 (SLUB, 1840).
Vágási, I. Folyók tetőző vízállásainak haladása az árhullámban. Hidrol. Közlöny 80, 45–53 (2000).
Google Scholar
Laczi, Z. 25 éve vonult le az évszázad árvize. Közép-Tisza Vidéki Vízügyi Igazgatóság https://www.kotivizig.hu/kozep-tisza-videki/hireink/ovf-hirek/25-eve-vonult-le-az-evszazad-arvize (2025).
Homokiné Ujváry, K. Márciusi árvíz Kárpátalján. Légkör 46, 2–6 (2001).
Google Scholar
Homokiné Ujváry, K. A víz az úr? Légkör 45, 24–28 (2000).
Google Scholar
Homokiné Ujváry, K. A medárdi negyven nap. Légkör 44, 2–5 (1999a).
Google Scholar
Homokiné Ujváry, K. Őszi árvíz a Tiszán. Légkör 44, 2–6 (1999b).
Google Scholar
Domonkos, P. et al. Az 1999. évi belvizek kialakulásának okai. Légkör 45, 11–16 (2000).
Google Scholar
Bezzola, G. R & Hegg, C. Ereignisanalyse Hochwasser 2005. Teil 2 – Analyse von Prozessen, Massnahmen und Gefahrengrundlagen (BAFU, 2008).
Department for the Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications. The Floods of 2005 in Switzerland. Synthesis Report on the Event Analysis (FOEN, 2008).
Joehnk, K., Straile, D. & Ostendorp, W. Water level variability and trends in Lake Constance in the light of the 1999 centennial flood. Limnologia 34, 15–21 (2004).
Article Google Scholar
Grieser, J., Beck, C. & Brázdil, R. The summer flooding 2005 in Southern Bavaria—a climatological review. Deutsch. Wetterdienst 16, 168–173 (2005).
Google Scholar
Stucki, P. et al. Weather patterns and hydro-climatological precursors of extreme floods in Switzerland since 1868. Meteorol. Z. 21, 531–550 (2012).
Article Google Scholar
Kautz, L.-A. et al. Atmospheric blocking and weather extremes over the Euro–Atlantic sector: a review. Weather Clim. Dyn. 3, 305–336 (2022).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Sieber, A. et al. Ermittlung des Extremwasserstandes (ca. HW1000) für den Bodensee (Ober- und Untersee) (LUBW-BAFU-VW, 2011).
Näef-Huber, D. et al. Hochwasserschutz Zürich – Seestände und Abfluss: Heute mit dem Schiff ins Zürcher Fraumünster? Wasser Energie Luft 108, 109–114 (2016).
Google Scholar
Bernoulli, A. Basler Chroniken, Vol. 5 (Hirzel, 1895).
Bernoulli, A. Basler Chroniken, Vol. 6 (Hirzel, 1902).
Schaller-Donauer, A. Chronik der Naturereignisse im Urnerland 1000–1800 (Gotthardpost, 1938).
Klemm, F. Die Entwicklung der meteorologischen Beobachtungen in der Schweiz bis zum Jahre 1700 (Leeman, 1974).
Tschamser, M. Annales oder Jahrs-Geschichten der Baarfüseren oder Minderen Brüdern S. Franc. ord., insgemein Conventualen genannt, zu Thann (Hoffman, 1864).
Cook, B. I., Cook, E. R., Anchukaitis, K. & Singh, D. Characterizing the 2010 Russian heat wave–Pakistan flood concurrent extreme over the last millennium using the Great Eurasian Drought Atlas. J. Clim. 37, 4389–4401 (2024).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Hennegriff, W. & Wahl, B. Langzeitverhalten der Bodensee-Wasserstände. Auswertezeitspanne: 1888 bis 2007. Landesanstalt für Umwelt, Messungen und Naturschutz Baden-Württenberg (LUBW, 2011).
Ansell, T. et al. Daily mean sea level pressure reconstructions for the European—North Atlantic region for the period 1850–2003. J. Clim. 19, 2717–2742 (2006).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Rössler, O. & Brönimann, S. The effect of the Tambora eruption on Swiss flood generation in 1816/1817. Sci. Total Environ. 627, 1218–1227 (2018).
Article ADS PubMed Google Scholar
Kiss, A. Weather and weather-related natural hazards in medieval Hungary III: documentary evidence on the 14th century. Medium Aev. Quotid. 73, 5–55 (2016).
Google Scholar
What is anticyclonic gloom? UK Met Office https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/blog/2025/what-is-anticyclonic-gloom (2025).
Micle, S. The variation of temperature and rainfall in the municipality of Cluj-Napoca in the interval 1979–2019. Sci. Pap. Ser. E 9, 141–146 (2020).
Google Scholar
Cluj-Napoca 1984 (TuTiempo, accessed 25 October 2025); https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/1984/ws-151200.html.
September 1984, the course of weather at the Cluj International Airport. Daily weather observations (Weather Spark, accessed 25 October 2025); https://de.weatherspark.com/h/m/148515/1984/9/Historisches-Wetter-im-September-1984-am-Cluj-Napoca-International-Airport-Rum%C3%A4nien.
Near-surface and sea-surface temperature anomalies, September 1984 (Copernicus Climate Plus, accessed 27 October 2025); https://pulse.climate.copernicus.eu/.
Fazekas, L. et al. Upper Tisza flood November 1998 (VIZITERV, 2001).
Pekarova, P. et al. Disaster flood scenario: case study of the Uh River at Lekárovce (Slovakia). IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 906, 012102 (2021).
Article Google Scholar
Homokiné Újvári, K. Az 1998. novemberi tiszai árvíz meteorológiai jellemzése. Vízügyi Közlemények 1, 35–49 (2003).
Google Scholar
Chipak, V. P., Illés, L. & Nagy, L. Árvíz Ukrajnában 1998 novemberében. Vízügyi Közlemények 1, 105–110 (2003).
Google Scholar
Gauzer, B. & Bartha, P. Árvízi szimulációs vizsgálatok a Felső-Tiszán az 1998. novemberi árhullám alapján. Vízügyi Közlemények 1, 93–104 (2003).
Google Scholar
Konecsny, K. A Felső-Tisza 1998-2001 évi árvizeinek hidrológiai értékelése. Hidrol. Közlöny 83, 75–86 (2003).
Google Scholar
1990 weather history in Gibraltar. Daily weather observations; wind speed data (Weather Spark, accessed 3 September 2025); https://weatherspark.com/h/y/34081/1990/Historical-Weather-during-1990-in-Gibraltar.
1998 weather history in Gibraltar. Daily weather observations; (Daily) wind speed data (Weather Spark, accessed 3 September 2025); https://weatherspark.com/h/y/34081/1990/Historical-Weather-during-1998-in-Gibraltar.
Near-surface and sea-surface temperature anomalies, November 1984 (Copernicus Climate Plus, accessed 27 October 2025); https://pulse.climate.copernicus.eu/.
Illés, L., Konecsny, K., Kovács, S. & Szlávik, L. Az 1998. novemberi árhullám hidrológiája. Vízügyi Közlemények 1, 47–76 (2003).
Google Scholar
Bodolainé Jakus, E. Az 1998. évi őszi tiszai és más nagy árhullámok időjárási okairól. Vízügyi Közlemények 1, 21–33 (2003).
Google Scholar
Huang, T. et al. Synoptic background conditions and moisture transport for producing the extreme heavy rainfall event in Valencia in 2024. Atmos. Ocean. Sci. Lett. 18, 100666 (2025).
Google Scholar
Alfaro-Sánchez, R. A. et al. Climatic and volcanic forcing of tropical belt northern boundary over the past 800 years. Nat. Geosci. 11, 933–938 (2018).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Phipps, S. J. et al. Paleoclimate data-model comparison and the role of climate forcings over the past 1500 years. J. Clim. 26, 6915–6936 (2013).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Ortega, P. et al. A model-tested North Atlantic Oscillation reconstruction for the past millennium. Nature 523, 71–74 (2015).
Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Crowley, T. J. & Unterman, M. B. Technical details concerning development of a 1200-yr proxy index for global volcanism. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 5, 187–197 (2013).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Kobashi, T. et al. On the origin of the multidecadal to centennial Greenland temperature anomalies over the past 800 yr. Clim. Past 9, 583–559 (2013).
Article Google Scholar
Kinnard, C. Reconstructed changes in Arctic Sea ice over the past 1,450 years. Nature 479, 509–512 (2011).
Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Sigl, M. et al. Volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections and aerosol optical depth during the Holocene (past 11 500 years) from a bipolar ice-core array. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 14, 3167–3196 (2022).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Hutchison, W. et al. High-resolution ice-core analyses identify the Eldgjá eruption and a cluster of Icelandic and trans-continental tephras between 936 and 943 CE. JGR Atmos. 129, e2023JD040142 (2024).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Brázdil, R. et al. European floods of the winter 1783/84: scenarios of an extreme event during the ’Little Ice Age.’ Theor. Appl. Climatol. 100, 163–189 (2010).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Steiger, N. J., Smerdon, J. E., Cook, E. R. & Cook, B. I. A reconstruction of global hydroclimate and dynamical variables over the Common Era. Sci. Data 5, 180086 (2018).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Tardif, R. et al. Last millennium reanalysis with an expanded proxy database and seasonal proxy modeling. Clim. Past 15, 1251–1273 (2019).
Article Google Scholar
Storm, G. Islandske Annaler Indtil 1578 (Christiania Udgivne for det norske historiske kildeskriftfond, 1888).
Hermannsson, H. Annalium in Islandia Farrago and De Mirabilibus Islandiae by Gísli Oddsson. Islandica X, Vol. 2. (Cornell Univ., 1916).
Hoshizumi, H. & Miyabuchi, Y. Volcanoes: 84. Asosan (Japan Meteorological Agency, Data Centre); https://www.data.jma.go.jp/vois/data/filing/souran_eng/volcanoes/084_asosan.pdf.
Þórarinsson, S. Neðansjávargos við ĺsland. Natturufraedingurinn 35, 49–74 (1965).
Google Scholar
Westercamp, D. & Traineau, H. The past 5,000 years of volcanic activity at Mt. Pelle Martinique (F.W.I.): implications for assessment of volcanic hazards. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 17, 159–185 (1983).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Boudon, G. & Balcone-Boissard, H. Volcanological evolution of Montagne Pelée (Martinique): a textbook case of alternating Plinian and dome-forming eruptions. Earth Sci. Rev. 221, 103754 (2021).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Wu, B., Wang, J. & Walsh, J. E. Dipole anomaly in the winter Arctic atmosphere and its association with sea ice motion. J. Clim. 19, 210–225 (2006).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Keylock, C. J. The North Atlantic Oscillation and snow avalanching in Iceland. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 1254 (2003).
Article ADS Google Scholar
DallaSanta, K., Gerber, E. P. & Toohey, M. The circulation response to volcanic eruptions: the key roles of stratospheric warming and eddy interactions. J. Clim. 32, 1101–1120 (2019).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Emile-Geay, J., Seager, R., Cane, M. A., Cook, E. R. & Haug, G. H. Volcanoes and ENSO over the past millennium. J. Clim. 21, 3134–3148 (2008).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Gao, Y. & Gao, C. European hydroclimate response to volcanic eruptions over the past nine centuries. Int. J. Climatol. 37, 4146–4157 (2017).
Article Google Scholar
Qian, Q., Jia, X., Wu, R. & Wang, M. Impact of Arctic sea ice interannual variation on nonmonsoonal winter precipitation over the Eurasian continent. J. Clim. 36, 4619–4634 (2023).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Brönimann, S. et al. Last phase of the Little Ice Age forced by volcanic eruptions. Nat. Geosci. 12, 650–656 (2019).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Dätwyler, C., Grosjean, M., Steiger, N. J. & Neukom, R. Teleconnection and relationship between the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) in reconstructions and models over the past millennium. Clim. Past 16, 743–756 (2020).
Article Google Scholar
Li, J. et al. El Niño modulations over the past seven centuries. Nat. Clim. Change 3, 822–826 (2013).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Zhu, F. et al. A re-appraisal of the ENSO response to volcanism with paleoclimate data assimilation. Nat. Commun. 13, 747 (2022).
Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Pausata, F. S. R., Karamperidou, C., Caballero, R. & Battisti, D. S. ENSI response to high latitude volcanic eruptions in the Northern Hemisphere: the role of the initial conditions. Geophys. Res. Lett. 43, 8694–8702 (2016).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Deng, J. & Dai, A. Arctic sea ice–air interactions weaken El Niño–Southern Oscillation. Sci. Adv. 10, eadk3990 (2024).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Pervez, M. & Henebry, G. Projections of the Ganges–Brahmaputra precipitation: downscaled from GCM predictors. J. Hydrol. 517, 120–134 (2014).
Article ADS Google Scholar
D’Agostino, R. & Timmreck, C. Sensitivity of regional monsoons to idealised equatorial volcanic eruption of different sulfur emission strengths. Environ. Res. Lett. 17, 054001 (2022).
Article Google Scholar
Kondrashov, D., Feliks, Y. & Ghil, M. Oscillatory modes of extended Nile River records (A.D. 622–1922). Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, L10702 (2005).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Wang, G. & Eltahir, E. A. B. Use of ENSO information in medium- and long-range forecasting of the Nile Floods. J. Clim. 12, 1726–1737 (1999).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Zaroug, M. A. H., Eltahir, E. A. B. & Giorgi, F. Droughts and floods over the upper catchment of the Blue Nile and their connections to the timing of El Niño and La Niña events. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 18, 1239–1249 (2014).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Melesse, M. B. & Demissie, Y. Hydrology and droughts in the Nile: review of key findings and implications. Water 16, 2521 (2024).
Article Google Scholar
Cheng et al. Influence of winter Arctic sea ice anomalies on the following autumn Indian Ocean Dipole development. J. Clim. 38, 3109–3129 (2025).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Kim, H., Villarini, G., Yang, W. & Vecchi, G. Global response of floods to tropical explosive volcanic eruptions. Nat. Geosci. 18, 983–988 (2025).
Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
Pedersen, R. A. et al. The impact of regional Arctic Sea ice loss on atmospheric circulation and the NAO. J. Clim. 29, 889–902 (2016).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Zambri, B., Robock, A., Mills, M. J. & Schmidt, A. Modelling the 1783–1784 Laki eruption in Iceland: 1. aerosol evolution and global stratospheric circulation impacts. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 124, 6750–6769 (2019).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Butler, A. H., Sjoberg, J. P., Seidel, D. J. & Rosenlof, K. H. A sudden stratospheric warming compendium. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 9, 63–76 (2017).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Zhang, C., Zhang, J., Maycock, A. C. & Tian, W. Distinct tropospheric anomalies during sudden stratospheric warming events accompanied by strong and weak Ural Ridge. npj Clim. Atmos. Sci. 7, 280 (2024).
Article Google Scholar
Briffa, K. R. et al. Reassessing the evidence for tree-growth and inferred temperature change during the Common Era in Yamalia, northwest Siberia. Quat. Sci. Rev. 72, 83–107 (2013).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Oman, L., Robock, A., Stenchikov, G. L. & Thordarson, T. High-latitude eruptions case shadow over the African monsoon and the flow of the Nile. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L18711 (2006).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Wu, B. & Li, Z. Possible impacts of anomalous Arctic Sea ice melting on summer atmosphere. Int. J. Climatol. 42, 1818–1827 (2022).
Article Google Scholar
Zhang, X. et al. Volcanic eruption disrupt ENSO teleconnections with land summer temperature. Nat. Commun. 16, 9882 (2025).
Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hodell, D. A. et al. Climate change on the Yucatan Peninsula during the Little Ice Age. Quat. Res. 63, 109–121 (2005).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Travis-Taylor, L. et al. Last glacial climate variability in the Yucatan Peninsula not just driven by ITCZ shifts. Commun. Earth Environ. 6, 14356 (2023).
Google Scholar
Travis-Taylor, L. et al. Hydroclimate variability in the northern Caribbean during the last deglaciation was modulated by large-scale atmospheric circulation and climate events. Commun. Earth Environ. 6, 498 (2025).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Justino, F., Bromwich, D. H. & Gurjao, C. Atmospheric rivers as mediators between climate teleconnections and burned area variability in North America. Commun. Earth Environ. 7, 99 (2026).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Cohen, J. et al. Arctic change and possible influence on mid-latitude climate and weather A US CLIVAR White Paper (US CLIVAR Project Office, 2018).
Scott, M. Is Arctic sea ice loss changing weather? National Snow and Ice Data Center https://nsidc.org/learn/ask-scientist/declining-sea-ice-changing-atmosphere#anchor-clarity-consumed-by-complications (2023).
Liu, F. et al. Tropical volcanism enhanced the East Asian summer monsoon during the last millennium. Nat. Commun. 13, 3429 (2022).
Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Li et al. Positive connection between declining Barents Sea ice and interdecadal increasing northeast China precipitation in May. Int. J. Clim. 41, 6270–6282 (2021).
Article Google Scholar
Zhou, B. et al. Interdecadal change in the linkage of early summer sea ice in the Barents Sea to the variability of West China Autumn Rain. Atmos. Res. 287, 196717 (2023).
Article Google Scholar
Massicotte, P. & South, A. World map. Natural Earth https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=rnaturalearth.
Wang, D. Volcanic imprints in last-millennium land summer temperatures in the circum–North Atlantic area. J. Clim. 36, 5923–5939 (2023).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Esper, J., Frank, D., Verstege, A., Luterbacher, J. & Xoplaki, E. Long-term drought severity variations in 911 Morocco. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L17702 (2007).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Wurtzel, J. B. Mechanisms of southern Caribbean SST variability over the last two millennia. Geophys. Res. Lett. 40, 5954–5958 (2013).
Article ADS Google Scholar
McCabe-Glynn, S. et al. Variable North Pacific influence on drought in southwestern North America since AD 854. Nat. Geosci. 6, 617–621 (2013).
Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
Wallace, E. J. Intense hurricane activity over the past 1500 years at South Andros Island, the Bahamas. Paleoceanogr. Paleoclimatol. 34, 1761–1783 (2019).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Wang, J. et al. Internal and external forcing of multidecadal Atlantic climate variability over the past 1,200 years. Nat. Geosci. 10, 512–517 (2017).
Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
Scroxton, N. et al. Hemispherically in-phase precipitation variability over the last 1700. Quat. Sci. Rev. 164, 25–36 (2017).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Trouet, V. et al. Persistent positive North Atlantic oscillation mode dominated the Medieval Climate Anomaly. Science 324, 78–80 (2009).
Article ADS CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Cook, R. C. et al. A Euro-Mediterranean tree-ring reconstruction of the winter NAO index since 910 C.E. Clim. Dyn. 53, 1567–1580 (2019).
Article Google Scholar
Baker, A., Hellstrom, J. C., Kelly, B. F., Mariethoz, G. & Trouet, V. A composite annual-resolution stalagmite record of North Atlantic climate over the last three millennia. Sci. Rep. 5, 10307 (2015).
Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Halfar, J. et al. Arctic sea-ice decline archived by multicentury annual-resolution record from crustose coralline algal proxy. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 19737–19741 (2013).
Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
The North Atlantic Oscillation. UK Met Office https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/gpc-outlooks/ens-mean/nao-description.
Nakamura, T. et al. A negative phase shift of the winter AO/NAO due to the recent Arctic sea-ice reduction in late autumn. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 10, 3209–3227 (2015).
Article ADS Google Scholar
Freitas, A., Bernardino, M. & Guedes Soares, C. The influence of the Arctic Oscillation on North Atlantic wind and wave climate by the end of the 21st century. Ocean Eng. 246, 110634 (2022).
Article Google Scholar
Wang, X. & Zhao, J. Trends and oscillations in arctic Mediterranean atmospheric static stability during recent arctic warming. npj Clim. Atmos. Sci. 7, 27 (2024).
Article Google Scholar