科技科学

Lead carboxylates passivation for meter-scale perovskite solar modules

Nature作者：Dongdong Xu2026年8月12日正文已收录本站
  • Article
  • Published:
  • Ke Xiao  ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-2898-97091,2,
  • Ye Liu3,
  • Xin Luo3,
  • Jian Xu  ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-1532-51454,
  • Yikang Wei4,
  • Yameen Ahmed  ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-5798-75855,
  • Shuncheng Yang1,
  • Haonan Liu1,
  • Yinke Wang1,
  • Shun Huang1,
  • Manya Li1,
  • Yuhong Zhang1,
  • Han Gao1,
  • Hongfei Sun1,
  • Gongtao Duan1,
  • Qiaolei Han3,
  • Qiang Liu6,
  • Shuo Zhang6,
  • Xingjie Lv6,
  • Jingfu Jiang6,
  • Li Chao7,
  • Dongxue Liu8,
  • Min Hao9,
  • Xincheng Hou9,
  • Makhsud I. Saidaminov  ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-3850-666X5 &
  • …
  • Hairen Tan  ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-0821-476X1,3 

Nature (2026) Cite this article

We are providing an unedited version of this manuscript to give early access to its findings. Before final publication, the manuscript will undergo further editing. Please note there may be errors present which affect the content, and all legal disclaimers apply.

Abstract

Environmentally sensitive ammonium halides have emerged as indispensable surface passivators for perovskite solar cells, demonstrating broadly effective performance at the laboratory scale1-4. However, the sensitivity of ammonium halides to humidity typically necessitates operation under an inert atmosphere5. Coupled with the heterogeneous distribution of passivators during large‑area slot‑die coating, applying such surface treatment techniques to the fabrication of meter‑scale perovskite solar modules under ambient conditions remains challenging. Here, we instead employ chemically stable lead carboxylates as passivators on perovskite films engineered to have a naturally-formed formamidinium iodide-enriched surface via a high-saturation vapor pressure solvent system (2-methoxyethanol, 1,3-dioxolane, and dimethyl sulfoxide). By treating tailored surface with lead dioleate to enhance carrier transport and surface passivation, we fabricated perovskite solar modules that achieved certified efficiencies of 24.0% (aperture area of 810 cm2) and 22.0% (total area of 0.72 m2) and passed all IEC 61215 reliability tests. These results represent the highest reported performance for scalable, industrially viable perovskite photovoltaics.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Jiangsu Physical Science Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

    Dongdong Xu, Ke Xiao, Shuncheng Yang, Haonan Liu, Yinke Wang, Shun Huang, Manya Li, Yuhong Zhang, Han Gao, Hongfei Sun, Gongtao Duan & Hairen Tan

  2. School of Advanced Manufacturing Engineering, Nanjing University, Suzhou, China

    Ke Xiao

  3. Research and Development Center, Renshine Solar (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Changshu, Jiangsu, China

    Ye Liu, Xin Luo, Qiaolei Han & Hairen Tan

  4. School of Interdisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China

    Jian Xu & Yikang Wei

  5. Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada

    Yameen Ahmed & Makhsud I. Saidaminov

  6. Shandong Energy Group Co., Ltd., Jinan, Shangdong, China

    Qiang Liu, Shuo Zhang, Xingjie Lv & Jingfu Jiang

  7. Inner Mongolia Three Gorges Mengneng Energy Co., Ltd., Ordos, Inner Mongolia, China

    Li Chao

  8. Institute of Science and Technology Research, China Three Gorges Corporation, Beijing, China

    Dongxue Liu

  9. Jiangsu Fangyang New Energy Investment Co., Ltd., Yancheng, Jiangsu, China

    Min Hao & Xincheng Hou

Authors

  1. Dongdong Xu
  2. Ke Xiao
  3. Ye Liu
  4. Xin Luo
  5. Jian Xu
  6. Yikang Wei
  7. Yameen Ahmed
  8. Shuncheng Yang
  9. Haonan Liu
  10. Yinke Wang
  11. Shun Huang
  12. Manya Li
  13. Yuhong Zhang
  14. Han Gao
  15. Hongfei Sun
  16. Gongtao Duan
  17. Qiaolei Han
  18. Qiang Liu
  19. Shuo Zhang
  20. Xingjie Lv
  21. Jingfu Jiang
  22. Li Chao
  23. Dongxue Liu
  24. Min Hao
  25. Xincheng Hou
  26. Makhsud I. Saidaminov
  27. Hairen Tan

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Ke Xiao or Hairen Tan.

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Cite this article

Xu, D., Xiao, K., Liu, Y. et al. Lead carboxylates passivation for meter-scale perovskite solar modules. Nature (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10994-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10994-7