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A near-complete telomere-to-telomere reference genome of the domestic Bactrian camel (<italic>Camelus bactrianus</italic>)

Nature作者：Liu Jiajia2026年8月12日正文已收录本站
  • Data Descriptor
  • Open access
  • Published:
  • Zhou Hao1,3 na1,
  • Zhang Caiyun1,
  • Yang Wenhao1,
  • Wuren Taodi4,
  • Wang Xiaoshan4,
  • Zhang Hui4,
  • Chen Zeming4,
  • Zhu Jianshen1,
  • Qin Chao1,
  • Wang Liyuan1,
  • Wang Yunfei5,
  • Chen Qiujv5,
  • Wang Fei6,
  • Li Jianjun6,
  • Wuni Menghe7,
  • Zhang Jian8,
  • Dong Zhimin8,
  • Zhang Shunping9,
  • Li Yanhui9,
  • Zhu Wenqi1,
  • Huang Jinlong1,
  • Ai Dong4,
  • Qiu Shengyu4,
  • Zhang Wenbin4,
  • Ma Peipei1,
  • Dao Lema4 &
  • …
  • Meng He1 

Scientific Data (2026) Cite this article

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Abstract

High-quality reference genomes are essential tools for studying chromosome structure, environmental adaptation, and trait-associated variation in camelids. The Bactrian camel assemblies currently available still contain unresolved regions, particularly in repeat-rich sequences and the sex chromosomes. We report Camelus.1.0, a near-complete telomere-to-telomere (near-T2T) grade reference genome for the domestic Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), generated from a single adult male from Alashan, Inner Mongolia, China. The assembly was built by integrating PacBio HiFi reads (117.44 Gb; 57.6×), Oxford Nanopore ultra-long reads (231.42 Gb; 113.4×), Hi-C reads (111.39 Gb; 54.6×), and Illumina short reads (204.19 Gb; 100.1×). The final assembly spans 2.46 Gb and consists of 69 contigs and 60 scaffolds, with a contig N50 of 71.57 Mb and a scaffold N50 of 78.00 Mb. The assembly contains seven gaps. Camelus.1.0 includes the first Y chromosome assembly for the domestic Bactrian camel, recovers telomeric repeats at both ends of 22 chromosomes and at one end of 16 additional chromosomes, and identifies 36 candidate centromeric regions. The mean Merqury QV was 56.21, and BUSCO recovered 99.1% complete orthologues against the mammalia_odb12 and 99.3% against the artiodactyla_odb12. We annotated 29,932 genes in total, including 20,149 protein-coding genes, 7,406 lncRNA genes, 884 tRNAs, 791 snRNAs, 566 snoRNAs, 27 guide RNAs, and 3 rRNAs. Repetitive elements account for 28.54% of the genome. This resource supports camelid comparative genomics, chromosome biology, population analysis, conservation genetics, and molecular breeding.

Funding

This work was supported by the Specific Project of Shanghai Jiao Tong University for “Invigorating Inner Mongolia through Science and Technology” (Grant No. KJXM2023-02-01).

Author information

Author notes

  1. These authors contributed equally: Liu Jiajia, Zhou Hao.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China

    Liu Jiajia, Zhou Hao, Zhang Caiyun, Yang Wenhao, Zhu Jianshen, Qin Chao, Wang Liyuan, Zhu Wenqi, Huang Jinlong, Ma Peipei & Meng He

  2. Animal Husbandry Research Institute of Alxa League, Alxa League, 750306, China

    Liu Jiajia

  3. Bayannur Institute of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Bayannur, 015000, China

    Zhou Hao

  4. Inner Mongolia Yinggesu Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Bayannur, 015995, China

    Wuren Taodi, Wang Xiaoshan, Zhang Hui, Chen Zeming, Ai Dong, Qiu Shengyu, Zhang Wenbin & Dao Lema

  5. Livestock Breed Improvement Station of Alxa League, Alxa League, 750306, China

    Wang Yunfei & Chen Qiujv

  6. Department of Agriculture, Hetao College, Bayannur, 015000, China

    Wang Fei & Li Jianjun

  7. Inner Mongolia Research Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China

    Wuni Menghe

  8. College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China

    Zhang Jian & Dong Zhimin

  9. Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China

    Zhang Shunping & Li Yanhui

Authors

  1. Liu Jiajia
  2. Zhou Hao
  3. Zhang Caiyun
  4. Yang Wenhao
  5. Wuren Taodi
  6. Wang Xiaoshan
  7. Zhang Hui
  8. Chen Zeming
  9. Zhu Jianshen
  10. Qin Chao
  11. Wang Liyuan
  12. Wang Yunfei
  13. Chen Qiujv
  14. Wang Fei
  15. Li Jianjun
  16. Wuni Menghe
  17. Zhang Jian
  18. Dong Zhimin
  19. Zhang Shunping
  20. Li Yanhui
  21. Zhu Wenqi
  22. Huang Jinlong
  23. Ai Dong
  24. Qiu Shengyu
  25. Zhang Wenbin
  26. Ma Peipei
  27. Dao Lema
  28. Meng He

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Ma Peipei, Dao Lema or Meng He.

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Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

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Cite this article

Jiajia, L., Hao, Z., Caiyun, Z. et al. A near-complete telomere-to-telomere reference genome of the domestic Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus). Sci Data (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-026-08032-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-026-08032-2