Digital phenotyping captures autism-associated behaviors in preschool- and school-age autistic children with and without co-occurring ADHD

Author notes

1. Vikram Aikat and Kimberly L. H. Carpenter contributed equally to this work.

2. These authors jointly supervised this work: Guillermo Sapiro and Geraldine Dawson.

Authors and Affiliations

1. Department of Computer Science, Duke University, 140 Science Dr., Durham, NC, 27708, USA

   Vikram Aikat

2. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA

   Kimberly L. H. Carpenter, Pradeep Raj Krishnappa Babu, Naomi Davis, Lauren Franz, Marina Spanos & Geraldine Dawson

3. Duke Center for Autism and Brain Development, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA

   Kimberly L. H. Carpenter, Naomi Davis, Lauren Franz & Geraldine Dawson

4. Department of Informatics and Artificial Intelligence, Universidad Católica del Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay

   Juan Matias Di Martino

5. Office of Information Technology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA

   Steven Espinosa

6. Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA

   Lauren Franz

7. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA

   Guillermo Sapiro

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vikram Aikat.

Competing interests

Dawson is on the Scientific Advisory Board of Tris Pharma, Inc. and the Nonverbal Learning Disability Project, a consultant for Bristol Myers Squibb, YAMO Pharmaceuticals and Guidepoint Global, LLC, and receives book royalties from Guilford Press, Oxford University Press, and Springer Nature. Dr. Carpenter, Dr. Dawson, and Dr. Sapiro have developed technology, data, and/or products that have been licensed to Apple, Inc., and they and Duke University have benefited financially. Guillermo Sapiro is affiliated with Apple; the work here reported is independent of such affiliation.

Ethical information and informed consent

Study design and methods were approved by the Duke University School of Medicine Institutional Review Board (IRB-Pro00085156). Participants 6 years and older, if they were capable of doing so, provided verbal assent. Each participant’s caregiver signed informed consent forms approved by the Duke Institutional Review Board. The Duke Human Research Protection Program (HRPP) adheres to the protection of human research participants regulations defined by the U.S. Code of Federal Regulation (CFR), specifically in accordance with 45 CFR 46, 21 CFR 50, 21 CFR 56, 21 CFR 312, 21 CFR 812, and 45 CFR 164.508-514. This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and complies with the Guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonization to the extent required by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. All people shown in Fig. 1 are actors who have provided informed consent to publish identifying information/images in an open-access online journal. For child actors, a parent or legal guardian read and signed the appropriate informed consent form.

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